Pharmacological properties of the drug Mepivacaine
Local anesthetic of medium duration of action of the amide group. Causes a reversible block of nerve conduction by reducing the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions. Compared with lidocaine, mepivacaine causes less vasodilation and has a more rapid onset and longer duration of action. Systemic absorption of mepivacaine depends on the dose, concentration, route of administration, degree of tissue vascularization, and degree of vasodilation. When anesthetizing the teeth of the upper and lower jaw, the effect develops after 0.5–2 and 1–4 minutes, respectively. Dental pulp anesthesia lasts for 10–17 minutes; soft tissue anesthesia in adults lasts 60–100 minutes. When administered epidurally, the effect of mepivacaine develops after 7-15 minutes, the duration of action is 115-150 minutes. Distributed in all tissues, maximum concentrations are created in well-perfused organs, including the liver, lungs, heart and brain. Mepivacaine undergoes rapid metabolism in the liver and is inactivated by hydroxylation and N-demethylation. Three inactive metabolites are known: two phenolic derivatives, which are excreted as glucuronic conjugates, and 2′,6′-pipcolocylide. Approximately 50% of pepivacaine is excreted in the bile as metabolites and undergoes enterohepatic recirculation followed by renal excretion. Only 5–10% is excreted unchanged in urine. A certain amount of the drug is metabolized in the lungs. The metabolism of mepivacaine in newborns is limited; the drug is excreted in unchanged form. The half-life is 1.9–3.2 hours in adults and 8.7–9 hours in newborns. Penetrates the placenta through passive diffusion.
For whom is mepivacaine contraindicated?
When breastfeeding, dental treatment of a woman with Mepivacaine anesthesia is completely prohibited. Also prohibited are children under 4 years of age and weighing less than 20 kilograms, patients with low blood pressure, severe heart and liver diseases. Here the dentist will select another drug, for example, Articaine.
The anesthetic should also be used with caution in the following patient groups:
- in children,
- in pregnant women,
- in elderly people over 65 years of age, a minimum dose of Mepivacaine is used,
- in persons with liver or kidney disease,
- in the presence of diabetes mellitus,
- with pronounced inflammation of the gums,
The product should be used with caution in children
Use of the drug Mepivacaine
Infiltration anesthesia: For adults, up to 40 ml of 1% solution (400 mg) or 80 ml of 0.5% solution (400 mg) in divided doses over 90 minutes. For blockade of cervical nerves, brachial plexus, intercostal nerves: Adults - 5–40 ml of 1% solution (50–400 mg) or 5–20 ml of 2% solution (100–400 mg). Paracervical blockade: Adults up to 10 ml of 1% solution on each side. Inject slowly with an interval of 5 minutes between injections on the other side. Peripheral nerve block: Adults 1–5 ml of 1–2% solution (10–100 mg) or 1.8 ml of 3% solution (54 mg). Infiltration anesthesia in dentistry: Adults - 1.8 ml of 3% solution (54 mg). Infiltration is performed slowly with frequent aspiration. In adults, 9 ml (270 mg) of 3% solution is usually sufficient to anesthetize the entire oral cavity. The total dose should not exceed 400 mg. Children: 1.8 ml of 3% solution (54 mg). Infiltration is performed slowly with frequent aspiration. The maximum dose should not exceed 9 ml (270 mg) of 3% solution. Epidural or caudal anesthesia: Adults - 15–30 ml of 1% solution (150–300 mg), 10–25 ml of 1.5% solution (150–375 mg) or 10–20 ml of 2% solution (200–400 mg). Maximum doses: Adults: 400 mg as a single dose for regional administration; the maximum daily dose is 1000 mg. Children: 5–6 mg/kg. For children under 3 years of age or weighing less than 13.6 kg, mepivacaine solutions are used in concentrations up to 2%.
Anesthesia for children
Painless pediatric dentistry is a hot topic today. All parents know what a trip to the dentist means for a child. If this brings few pleasant emotions to an adult, then what can we say about children. The first scheduled visit is always scheduled for the age of 6-7 years - this is the time when baby teeth are replaced with permanent ones.
The psyche of children is not yet fully formed; one wrong word or action can provoke the development of unpleasant memories. Therefore, it is important to instill confidence in the child, to mentally prepare him for the procedure: explain why he is going there and what the doctor will do. The use of anesthetic agents in pediatric dentistry is an integral part of comfortable treatment.
The most suitable injection methods for babies are infiltration, conduction and application. The place where the drug is administered is “frozen” in advance and only then does the doctor give an injection. The child’s body is not yet fully formed, so in pediatric anesthesia, special medications are used that make it possible to carry out the procedure safely.
Drug interactions Mepivacaine
Local anesthetics (especially when prescribed in large doses) may have an antagonistic effect on neuromuscular transmission compared to cholinesterase inhibitors. The use of local anesthetics with ganglion blockers may increase the risk of arterial hypotension and bradycardia. Patients taking MAO inhibitors concomitantly with local anesthetics have an increased risk of developing arterial hypotension. Local anesthetics may have an additive hypotensive effect in patients taking antihypertensive agents and organic nitrates.
List of pharmacies where you can buy Mepivacaine:
- Moscow
- Saint Petersburg
Indications for use of anesthetic
According to the instructions for use, Mepivacaine is indicated for the following types of anesthesia:
- infiltration: “freezing” injection into the gum, tooth ligament or periosteum,
- intraligamentary: a subtype of infiltration, when injections are placed into the ligaments of the tooth, i.e. between the root and the walls of the bone socket,
- conduction: the anesthetic is injected near large nerves,
- regional (intraosseous),
- intrapulpal: an auxiliary technique, the essence of which is that the injection is placed directly into the dental nerve - the pulp.
The injection of the substance goes directly into the bone tissue of the alveolar process.
That is, Mepivacaine is suitable for such dental interventions as:
- treatment of medium and deep caries,
- treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis,
- tooth root resection,
- tooth extraction,
- preparing teeth for prosthetics,
- plastic surgery of gums and frenulums,
- bone tissue augmentation,
- sinus lift (raising the bottom of the maxillary sinus),
- implantation,
- curettage of deep periodontal pockets associated with gingival exfoliation.
The drug is used for tooth extraction.
Good to know! The drug is considered one of the safest to date. It can be used in older patients (but there are some peculiarities), in people with allergies to other anesthetics, with high blood pressure and mild pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Since adrenaline (epinephrine) is not included in its composition.
What are the alternatives - analogues
Analogues of the anesthetic drug "Mepivacaine" are "Mepivacaine-Binergia" (Russia), "Mepivastezin" (Israel), "Scandonest" (France), "Scandinibsa" (Spain), "Isocaine" (Canada). It is important to understand that analogues may have different contraindications and special instructions for use. Therefore, you need to be careful here.
“I am allergic to freezing injections, or rather, they have a very weak effect. I even once had to remove a tooth that was almost alive. Not much pleasant((But the problem was solved unexpectedly. I went to treat caries, and the dentist suggested not using lidocaine, but some kind of French remedy. He said that if it didn’t work, he wouldn’t take money for the injection. No joke, but this injection really helped Now I only go there for treatment.”
Elena A., review from the woman.ru forum
What adverse reactions may there be?
Mepivacaine is considered a fairly safe anesthetic in dentistry (if we compare it with earlier, outdated ones). And side effects are extremely rare. The instructions for use indicate that in rare cases the following ailments are possible:
- headache, dizziness, tinnitus,
- anxiety, restlessness, feeling of euphoria,
- drowsiness,
- labored breathing,
- decreased vision,
- nausea, vomiting,
- increased or slow heartbeat,
- swelling of the throat, anaphylactic shock: in this case, the dentist’s office always has a first aid kit equipped with an anti-shock kit.
Side effects may include headache and dizziness.
Do not confuse side effects with normal consequences. After all, loss of tissue sensitivity can occur over a fairly wide area. For example, it is completely normal if after an injection your cheek, tongue, lip become numb, or the pronunciation of sounds is impaired. In a few hours all these manifestations will disappear.
What you need to know additionally
Special instructions for the use of Mepivacaine are as follows:
- the anesthetic drug is used only in a clinical setting by a professional dentist,
- in case of inflammation of the gums or bones, the anesthetic effect is slightly lower,
- intravenous administration is prohibited,
- You can eat only when the effect of the anesthetic wears off: since loss of sensation can cause you to bite your tongue, cheek or lip,
- slight confusion is possible: therefore, driving after treatment is not recommended. As well as working with dangerous mechanisms, caustic chemicals, and climbing to heights.
Read more about restrictions during pregnancy and lactation
As noted above, Mepivacaine is contraindicated during lactation (i.e., breastfeeding). If the clinic simply does not have any other anesthetics, then treatment can be carried out in an emergency. However, the woman will have to skip 2-3 feedings (at least 10 hours must pass after the injection) - the child will be temporarily transferred to an artificial formula, and her own milk will be expressed and poured out. Because the substance passes into breast milk and may harm the baby. The anesthetic is allowed for pregnant women, but it is used with caution - especially if the expectant mother has kidney problems or swelling in the legs or face. To avoid complications, it is better to give preference to a less toxic product.
Features of dental treatment at different stages
0-12 weeks. The 1st trimester of pregnancy is very important for the fetus. It is during this period that the baby’s vital organs and placenta are formed. Therefore, the fetus is essentially not protected yet. Serious treatment cannot be carried out at this stage. But the doctor may prescribe topical medications to relieve the inflammatory process. These may be Cholisal, Chlorhexidine, Miramistin.
13-24 weeks. At this time, the placenta has already formed and protects the baby. Therefore, dental treatment and other procedures can be performed.
From the 25th week until birth. At this time, the female body is weakened, and the uterus is very sensitive to the effects of drugs. In addition, a visit to the dentist is often stressful for an expectant mother. Therefore, it is better to wait for treatment procedures until the feeding period. However, this does not apply to cases of acute toothache.
Tooth extraction during pregnancy
Tooth extraction is a good reason for stress. During pregnancy it is strictly contraindicated. Therefore, the decision to remove a tooth is made only in extreme cases:
- The presence of a cyst more than 1 centimeter in diameter.
- Fracture of the root or crown.
- Acute pain that cannot be relieved in any other way.
- A deep focus of caries, which is a source of suppuration.
Wisdom teeth should never be removed in pregnant women. After all, after such an operation the socket often becomes inflamed. Stopping this process requires taking antibiotics. This, in turn, is extremely undesirable for the mother and fetus.
