Bags under the eyes: how to get rid or remove, causes and treatment, photos of symptoms

“What do you think is the leading facial rejuvenation surgery according to statistics among American plastic surgeons? No, not the fight against wrinkles or even a facelift.

The American Society of Plastic Surgery names bags and swelling on the cheekbones under the eyes as the most common reason for visiting a rejuvenation specialist.

I confirm that this is indeed the case. Many of us are ready to put up with the first wrinkles and small bags under the eyes. But the cheek bags are too noticeable, and creams are powerless against them. Therefore, it is this problem that sooner or later leads to a specialist.”

Andrey Iskornev, plastic surgeon.

Causes

Know! The amount of fat under the skin in the cheekbone area increases over the years, but a number of predisposing factors can accelerate the process of formation of sufas, including:

sudden weight gain in general;
genetic predisposition;
the formation of constant swelling, as a result of which the skin stretches and the subcutaneous space filled with fat increases.

Painting bags can visually increase due to sagging skin , which with age .

Prevention

It is impossible to prevent the development of sufs.
This is because these fat deposits inevitably appear with age.

But you can slow down degenerative processes by following these preventive recommendations :

the diet should be balanced : it should include more foods containing vitamin B;
for normal functioning of the hormonal system and to prevent the formation of bags from overwork, it is necessary to get enough sleep , allocating 7-8 hours a day for sleep;
stable physical activity has a tonic and , which can be achieved by walking in the fresh air for only half an hour a day;
You need to drink 1.5-2 liters of water per day to maintain water-salt balance.

Remember! For sensitive skin predisposed to the development of such cosmetic defects, nourishing and moisturizing face creams should be used.

When choosing them, it is better to consult a cosmetologist.

Changes in appearance associated with swelling and deposition of fatty tissue between the lower eyelids and cheekbones are a pressing problem for people of any age, since not only age-related changes, but also somatic pathology and hereditary factors can contribute to this process. Many specialists and patients have the opinion that full correction of this cosmetic defect (malar edema and malar hernias) can only be performed through surgical intervention, simultaneously eliminating fat deposits and excess skin above them [1, 2]. But this method has certain limitations (traumatic, the need for special training, a long recovery period, the risk of scarring, combination with injection and other methods of aesthetic correction) and the result is not always guaranteed. In addition, patients often refuse this option.

All this made it necessary to find an alternative to surgical methods to solve the problem in the least traumatic way.

Injection correction methods can conceal malar hernias by adding volume around them using high-density fillers, although in some cases swelling may occur, exacerbating the defect, or by reducing fat deposits using lipolytics. However, unlike injection methods, which are more effective in the initial stages, hardware technologies also work well for more severe malar edema and hernias.

Anatomy and pathophysiology of malar edema and malar hernias

Malar edema , or edema (English: malar edema) is the accumulation of fluid above the zygomatic eminence. It often varies in severity and may increase after a salty meal or in the morning. The consistency is usually soft and plastic. Sometimes a depression appears with a faint bluish-purple tint. Causes may include heart, kidney or liver failure, hypothyroidism, cosmetic injections in the periorbital area, and allergies.

Malar hernia , or suf (English: malar mounds) are deposits of fatty tissue in the area between the lower eyelids and cheekbones, in the prezygomatic space. Malar hernias can be congenital or appear due to genetic predisposition. The first signs of this problem can be noticeable already in childhood, and later, as the volume of the facial muscles increases and the skin tone decreases, they become more pronounced. Unlike malar edema, their occurrence is not directly related to the pathology of internal organs and systems or an unhealthy lifestyle, and the methods of correction must be different.

Severe malar hernia with manifestations of ptosis (English: malar festoons) are cascading folds of weak skin and rounded muscle under the infraorbital margin, caused by age-related changes in the bones of the skull and facial muscles, ptosis of the soft tissues of the face and edema. The anatomical basis for the formation of malar hernias are fatty bags - predominantly infraorbital, medial infraorbital (medial SOOF) and lateral infraorbital (lateral SOOF). The infraorbital fat pad is bounded by the orbicular suspensory ligament (ORL), which begins 1–2 mm below the bony margin of the orbit, passes through the orbicularis oculi muscle, continues to the fascia lining the inner surface of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and reaches the dermis [3]. ORL is involved in the formation of the lacrimal and palpebromalar grooves. Weakness of the ORL caused by aging or hereditary causes contributes to the formation of malar hernias.

Infraorbital fat covers the caudal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which lies just under the skin of the lower eyelid. The lower border of the infraorbital fat packet is the zygomatic ligament, which begins at the junction of the zygomatic arch and the body of the zygomatic bone, runs along the edge of the facial muscles (zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor and levator labii superioris) [3]. The infraorbital fat packet tends to intensively retain water, which often causes the formation of so-called malar edema [4].

The medial SOOF supports the tissues of the lower eyelid, so the decrease in its volume that occurs with age increases the relaxation of the lower eyelid tissue and the intraorbital fat pad. Hypotrophy of the lateral SOOF facilitates ptosis of the superficial cheek fat pads. Excessive laxity of the skin can play an important role in the appearance of malar hernias, especially severe malar hernias with manifestations of ptosis.

The listed changes create conditions for the formation of malar hernias.

Clinical assessment

Externally, malar hernias are small swellings concentrated under the eyes, in the upper part of the cheekbones. Along their edges there are skin folds. Connective tissue septa give these formations the shape of a semicircle, usually with a clear lower border. Violation of microcirculation in this area causes a dull appearance and a reddish or bluish tint of the skin, a gradual increase in the area of swelling. Inflammation of subcutaneous fat is possible [3]. Characteristic clinical signs are as follows:

drooping upper eyelid;
blurred vision;
profuse lacrimation, which occurs as a result of compression of the tear ducts;
swelling;
dark circles in the eye area.

Severe malar hernias give the face a suffering and painful appearance, in addition, the person looks noticeably older than his age.

To differentiate from swelling under the eyes, the doctor can use several techniques:

with a malar hernia, looking up and down and squinting should not significantly affect the patient’s appearance;

When you press on the eyeball, a swelling forms [5].

Correction of malar edema and hernias

A group of researchers from the USA led by Newberry K.I. (Newberry CI) analyzed the range of aesthetic cosmetology methods used to correct malar edema and hernias, and described the cosmetic effects that can be achieved using injection and hardware methods ( see table ) [1].

Table. Possibilities of minimally invasive methods for the correction of malar edema and hernias [1]

Method	Clinical effects
Injection methods
Hyaluronidase	Reduce swelling · 1st line of therapy for swelling after injection of hyaluronic filler
Phosphatidylcholine/deoxycholate	Reducing the amount of subcutaneous fat by emulsifying it
Synthetic biopeptides	Reduce swelling by stimulating microcirculation and lymphatic drainage
Tetracycline (intralesional administration)	· Sclerosation of subcutaneous fat Sclerosation of infraorbital fat · Slight thickening of excess skin
Fillers	Camouflage and reduce mild subcutaneous swelling Camouflage and elevation of ptotic malar muscles and fat
Hardware methods
Laser resurfacing	· Sealing of skin folds · Lightening and evening out skin color
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound	· Tightening of excess skin without damaging the epidermis · Lifting at the level of SMAS and supporting ligaments of the skin Fat ablation
RF technologies	· Tightening of excess skin without damaging the epidermis Fat ablation
Microliposuction	Removal of subcutaneous fat and edema

To correct malar edema and malar hernias, various hardware methods are used - fractional thermolysis, ultrasound and RF lifting, etc. It is impossible to remove fat with their help, but by strengthening and increasing skin tone, it is possible to smooth out small hernias and prevent their enlargement.

Laser therapy

For more than 15 years, ablative lasers (CO2 and Er:YAG) have been used to correct malar edema and malar hernias [6]. Special protocols have been developed for procedures in the prezygomatic area, involving intensive exposure with several (from 2 to 10) passes. The use of these protocols has shown a certain effectiveness of the method along with a small frequency of adverse events in the form of scarring and ectropion, which, however, must be taken into account, especially in elderly patients with age-related or scarring weakness of the lower eyelids. Their results can be disastrous. Aggressive laser exposure can cause vertical shortening of the anterior lamella. Persistent swelling with chemosis of the conjunctiva may occur, which can lead to irreversible impairment of the position of the lower eyelids. More pronounced positive results have been obtained using ablative fractional lasers (CO2 and Er:YAG). There is a significantly lower risk of scarring, ectropion, and dyspigmentation due to deeper thermal effects, but multiple treatments are required to achieve the desired result [7, 8]. Laser resurfacing can also be used to reduce hyperpigmentation in the area of malar hernias, however it cannot change the location of muscle tissue/fat, eliminate fat deposits, or significantly reduce swelling. Therefore, laser resurfacing is best used for moderately severe malar hernias with little excess skin, as well as for adjuvant therapy during surgical correction. If ectropion is present or develops after correction of malar hernias, the patient should undergo an eyelid strengthening procedure using laser therapy or an alternative surgical intervention. Limitations for laser correction of malar hernias:

skin types IV–VI Fitzpatrick class (such patients have an increased risk of post-procedural dyspigmentation, especially hyperpigmentation, and laser protocols for the correction of malar hernias are quite aggressive);
use of oral retinoids within the past year;
recent history of receiving light therapy for facial skin [9].

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Another alternative to the surgical method is the use of focused ultrasound (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound, HIFU), during which acoustic energy causes targeted microthermal damage in the hypodermis and SMAS (superficial muscular aponeurotic system, superficial muscular aponeurotic system). Using probe sensors, in the skin and underlying structures at a given depth (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 mm), it is possible to create heating zones up to 60–70 °C and form thermal coagulation points. Regeneration of post-coagulation point damage leads to intensive tissue restoration and remodeling of collagen fibers, which create a structural “framework” in the tissues. Fibroblasts of the dermis, responding to thermal effects, enhance collagenogenesis. Neocollagenogenesis and neoelastogenesis help improve the structure and quality of the skin, thicken it, tighten it, tighten it and reduce its area. The action of HIFU at the depth of the SMAS provides heating of its structures, their compression and further maintenance of the biomechanical balance of the muscular-ligamentous apparatus of the face. The complex of these processes provides the clinical effect of reducing malar hernias without having a significant epidermal effect [8, 10].

During clinical trials and follow-up, patients generally reported mild and transient side effects, such as: procedure pain (1.6%), bruising (0.4%), post-procedure pain (0.2%), transient nervous irritation (0.2%), swelling (0.2%) and transient erythema (0.1%) [10]. Unlike laser and RF exposure, HIFU affects all structures - skin, supporting ligaments, adipose and muscle tissue, ligamentous apparatus. This method is particularly effective for small malar hernias or as adjuvant therapy; however, for severe malar hernias with manifestations of ptosis and edema, HIFU does not always give the maximum desired effect due to excess tissue volume.

RF therapy is more suitable to achieve the goal in such cases. RF microneedle devices deliver electric current energy to a targeted depth, causing thermal damage to the dermis and fatty tissue but sparing the epidermis. Collagen retraction, remodeling of collagen fibers, increased neocollagenogenesis and neoelastogenesis, potential reduction of adipose tissue and skin tightening allow this method to be used for the correction of moderate to very severe malar hernias, as well as for adjuvant therapy. As with HIFU, side effects are usually minor and temporary (erythema, swelling), and recent studies have shown no significant complications [11]. The procedure can be repeated after 1–2 months if necessary.

Microliposuction

Targeted fat removal from the malar region can be an important tool for reducing malar hernias when there is a significant edematous or fatty component. Excess subcutaneous fat is removed using a small-gauge liposuction cannula (2.3 or 3.0 mm) until the prominence of the malar bone is no longer palpable or visible. Despite all its effectiveness, this technique, according to experts, has its limitations: firstly, puncture marks remain on the skin, and secondly, even minimal inaccuracies in markings and the amount of removed fat can lead to deformation of the cheekbone area and general “aging” faces. It should be noted that this approach does not take into account muscle or ligament weakness, for which liposuction must be combined with a midface lift. If there is excess skin before or after fat removal, adjuvant correction with lasers, RF, HIFU or surgical excision may be performed. Among the adverse events after the procedure, transient swelling was noted in all patients, but there was no infection, bruising, or weakness of the lower eyelids [12].

Post-procedural period

Many patients with malar edema or hernias may experience swelling/lymphedema after procedures. Because prolonged swelling can impair the results of correction, cold compresses and oral steroids for 5 to 7 days are recommended, especially if swelling was the main initial component. In some cases, compression bandages with mastizol can be used to compress the zygomatic area. For severe edema, furosemide 20–40 mg/day is recommended with potassium replacement for approximately 7 days. In more severe cases, massage and injections of hyaluronidase can help, which must be performed until lymphatic drainage improves. Sunscreen and retinoids should be used daily. If there is a history of severe allergies with frequent periorbital edema, second-generation antihistamines can be recommended [12].

Discussion

Analyzing the effectiveness of using hardware cosmetology methods for the correction of malar edema and malar hernias, Newberry K.I. (Newberry CI) et al. noted the following: “A one-size-fits-all approach is likely to leave many patients with unsatisfactory outcomes.” Correction of malar edema and malar hernia is a complex process due to pathophysiological characteristics and clinical manifestations in different patients. When choosing a correction method, it is necessary to take an individual approach, taking into account the severity and “content” (effusion, fat, skin, muscles) of malar edema and hernias, as well as the patient’s preferences. Detailed information to the patient about the possibilities of non-invasive, minimally invasive and surgical correction methods, as well as the doctor’s opinion and recommendations in each specific situation, will also contribute to the maximum possible positive result. Although minimally invasive and non-invasive methods are considered as progressive correction options with minimal recovery time, it should be taken into account that with these options there is often a need for re-correction due to temporary improvement or insufficient correction. These situations may lead to a possible increase in the cost of correction procedures.

Conclusion

Hardware methods can be quite effective and provide long-term stable results in the correction of malar edema and malar hernias, although surgery remains the classic method of reducing the manifestations of this pathology. Thus, the optimal methods of correction have not yet been determined, but a multifaceted and personalized approach using various interventions seems appropriate. Larger studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of different methods and their combinations.

Literature

Newberry CI, McCrary H, Thomas JR, Cerrati EW Updated Management of Malar Edema, Mounds, and Festoons: A Systematic Review. Aesthet Surg J 2019; 2022: 137.
Asaadi M. Etiology and treatment of congenital festoons. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018; 42(4): 1024–1032.
Mendelson BC, Muzaffar AR, Adams WP Jr. Surgical anatomy of the midcheek and malar mounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110(3): 885–911.
Pessa JE, Rohrich RJ Facial topography. Clinical anatomy of the face. QMP; 2012.
Kpodzo DS, Nahai F., McCord CD Malar mounds and festoons: review of current management. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34(2): 235–248.
Scheiner AJ, Massry GG Laser management of festoons. In: Masters Techniques in Blepharoplasty and Periorbital Rejuvenation. New York: Springer, 2011. pp. 211–221.
Hunzeker CM, Weiss ET, Geronemus RG Fractionated CO2 laser resurfacing: our experience with more than 2000 treatments. Aesthet Surg J 2009; 29(4): 317–322.
Lam Kar Wai P. The troublesome triad: festoons, malar mounds, and palpebral bags. J Cosmet Med 2017; 1(1): 1–7.
Carniol PJ, Woolery-Lloyd H., Zhao AS, Murray K. Laser treatment for ethnic skin. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2010; 18(1): 105–110.
Wulkan AJ, Fabi SG, Green JB Microfocused ultrasound for facial photorejuvenation: a review. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32(3): 269–275.
Jeon H., Geronemus RG Successful noninvasive treatment of festoons. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 141(6): 977e–978e.
Liapakis IE, Paschalis EI Liposuction and suspension of the orbicularis oculi for the correction of persistent malar bags: description of technique and report of a case. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012; 36(3): 546–549.

Reviews about the treatment

“
Bags on my cheekbones appeared for the first time several years ago . No cosmetic products helped. The salon advised me not to spend money on creams and suggested doing a facelift .
But we were warned in advance that this is not a 100% guarantee of permanently getting rid of the bags, and additional operations may be required over the years.
I agreed, as a result, the bags were almost completely removed, and although more than two years have passed, my face looks almost the same as after the procedure .”
Elizaveta Shipnevskaya, Kislovodsk.
“When I started having sufs , at first I didn’t attach any importance to it, attributing everything to age.
But over the years, my face began to look like the face of an alcoholic. It was unpleasant and ugly, and I decided to have a check-lift .
The procedure is not very expensive for me, but I am satisfied with the effect.
But the specialist warned even then that over time the bags would reappear, and then they would either have to do liposuction or consider the option of fillers.”
Marina Panyutina, 48 years old.

Main indications and contraindications for surgery

There are no medical indications for surgery. Girls who are dissatisfied with their appearance often sign up for it: with chubby cheeks, unexpressed cheekbones and an unclear oval face. Age-related changes, which manifest themselves in the form of prolapse of soft tissues, are also encouraged to sign up for the procedure. Sometimes the operation is performed in combination with other procedures, for example, lipofilling. Many Hollywood stars have undergone plastic surgery for Bisha's lumps (before and after photos).

Popular actresses include Jennifer Aniston and Demi Moore.

It is not always possible to perform surgery to remove a fatty lump from the cheek. There are a number of temporary, relative and absolute contraindications. These include:

blood diseases (leukemia, bleeding disorders);
malignant neoplasms (regardless of location);
acute infectious pathologies;
serious mental disorders (schizophrenia, depressive disorders);
severe pathologies of internal organs;
young age (up to 25 years);
inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity;
disorders of the endocrine system (for example, diabetes);
pregnancy and lactation period.